Nearly all the learning was from lectures and readings in Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and Aristotle. In later centuries, the importance of universities based within the late Middle Ages gradually increased, e.g. Charles University in Prague (established in 1348), Jagiellonian University in Cracow , University of Vienna , Heidelberg University and University of Greifswald .

Persian polymath Avicenna has additionally been called the “father of drugs”. He wrote The Canon of Medicine which became a standard medical textual content at many medieval European universities, considered some of the well-known books within the history of drugs. Persian doctor Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi was one of many first to query the Greek concept of humorism, which nonetheless remained influential in both medieval Western and medieval Islamic medication. Some volumes of Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi’s work Al-Mansuri, namely “On Surgery” and “A General Book on Therapy”, grew to become a part of the medical … Read More